Plants and cultivation
- Kew Science · Plants of the World Online for taxonomy, accepted names and distributions.
- Spices Board India for plant parts, growing conditions and harvesting practice.
- Food and Agriculture Organization for selected crop and producer profiles.
History and research
- Kingwell-Banham and colleagues, Antiquity (2018), for excavated pepper and clove remains at Mantai.
- Kraft and colleagues (2014) for evidence about the domestication of Capsicum annuum in Mexico.
- U.S. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health for the current evidence and safety context around turmeric supplements.
Map and photographs
The map outline is @svg-maps/world, licensed under CC BY 4.0; the route overlay is an editorial interpretation. Spice and plant photos are credited on the relevant passport, with the source page and reuse license linked in each caption. The homepage hero is illustrative artwork.
Read the individual references
Open a spice passport and scroll to its sources. Our methodology explains how we distinguish native range, cultivation heritage and interpretive routes.